What does dog saliva consist of?

Dog saliva is a complex and multifunctional biological fluid that performs a number of important functions in the animal’s body. It not only helps maintain oral hygiene by cleaning the mucous membrane and teeth from food debris, but also has protective properties, preventing the development of caries. It contains various components that provide antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects:

Immunoglobulins are special protein molecules that play a key role in the functioning of the immune system. They act as antibodies, binding to viruses and bacteria, and help the body fight infections.

Lysozyme is an enzyme with a powerful antibacterial effect. It destroys the cell walls of bacteria, leading to their death, and also has anti-inflammatory properties, promoting rapid healing of damaged tissues.

Lactoperoxidase is another enzyme that activates oxidative processes in saliva, which leads to a decrease in the number of pathogenic microorganisms. This enzyme creates unfavorable conditions for the reproduction of bacteria and thereby reduces the risk of infection.

Mucins are glycoproteins that play an important role in the formation of mucus. Mucus, in turn, helps to glue bacteria together and remove them from the oral cavity, which prevents them from penetrating the body and developing infections.

Despite the presence of antiseptic properties, dog saliva is not a sterile liquid. It is indeed able to suppress the growth and activity of some types of bacteria, such as streptococci and E. coli. However, other microorganisms, such as staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and capnocytophages, are resistant to enzymes in dog saliva and can successfully reproduce in the animal’s oral cavity. These bacteria can be dangerous for both humans and other animals. Although they often do not cause visible symptoms in dogs themselves, their presence in saliva can pose a serious threat when in contact with damaged tissue.

The diversity of microbes living in dog saliva is explained by a number of factors. An important role is played by the habit of animals to frequently lick their fur and skin, which leads to the transfer of various microorganisms from the environment into the oral cavity. In addition, the lack of regular and thorough oral hygiene contributes to the accumulation of bacteria, which creates favorable conditions for their reproduction. This explains why dogs quite often have problems with teeth and gums, such as caries and inflammatory processes.

Why should you not let your dog lick wounds?

There are several reasons why it is not recommended to let your dog lick wounds:

• Risk of infection with dangerous bacteria. Any wound is a violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membrane, which makes it vulnerable to the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms. Even through small damage to the skin, bacteria can enter the body and spread quickly, causing infectious diseases. When a dog licks a wound, dangerous microbes that live in its oral cavity can get there along with the antibacterial components of its saliva. These microbes can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and even multicellular parasites that can cause serious diseases.
• Transfer of microbes from the oral cavity. Dog saliva contains a large number of different microorganisms. Some of them may be safe for the animal itself, but pose a threat to humans if they get into the wound. For example, staphylococcus, which is usually present in the dog’s oral cavity, when it gets into the wound, can begin to actively multiply and cause suppuration, which is life-threatening. This is especially true for people with weakened immunity, for whom any infection can lead to serious consequences.
• Slowing down the healing process. Dogs have a rough tongue, which can further injure the tissues at the wound site, delaying their recovery. Repeated mechanical damage caused by frequent licking can lead to chronic inflammation and slow healing. That is why after surgeries or serious injuries, veterinarians recommend using special protective collars that prevent the dog from accessing the inflamed areas.
• Ineffectiveness of saliva in treating serious injuries. In some cases, microbes can penetrate deep into the tissue and begin to spread beyond the original wound. In such situations, local treatment, including exposure to saliva, is insufficient to prevent the development of infection. In these cases, more serious measures are required, such as the use of antiseptics and antibiotics, to prevent complications.

Dog owners can always disinfect the wound in a safer way. One of the most effective methods is rinsing the wound with clean water or an antiseptic solution, which helps remove dirt and microbes from its surface. After this, the wound can be covered with a bandage or a sterile dressing to prevent further contamination. However, if the wound is severe or does not heal well, it is recommended to contact a veterinarian for professional help.

Dangers of Dog Saliva for Humans

Although dog saliva may not pose a serious threat to human health under certain conditions, there are still risks. If there are no breaks in the skin and you wash your hands and face thoroughly after contact with the animal, the risk of infection is minimal. However, even with proper hygiene, the risk of infection remains, especially if saliva comes into contact with mucous membranes of the face, such as the eyes, nose, or mouth.

When a dog licks the area of ​​​​the eyes, nose, or mouth, there is a risk of transmitting serious diseases such as rabies. Rabies is a viral disease that is transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal and is almost always fatal after the first symptoms appear. Even if a dog looks healthy but has not been vaccinated against rabies, it may be a carrier of the virus. Therefore, it is extremely important to avoid close contact with unfamiliar and stray animals, especially if they try to lick your face or hands.

Dog saliva can be especially dangerous if there are any injuries to the human skin, even minor ones. Dangerous microbes can get into such wounds, which is especially dangerous for people with weakened or undeveloped immunity, such as small children, the elderly, and people with immunodeficiencies. Even if the dog is domestic and vaccinated, its saliva may contain bacteria that are dangerous to humans, such as pasteurella, capnocytophaga, bordetella, and other microorganisms that can cause serious diseases.

In nature, saliva is the only available means for animals to clean open skin lesions. However, despite this, saliva may not only not help, but also aggravate the situation, slowing down the healing process and increasing the risk of infection. Therefore, if a dog is injured, a more reliable method would be to wash the wound with clean water, treat it with an antiseptic, and apply a sterile bandage. These measures will provide better protection against infection than using saliva.

Even if there are no visible wounds on the body, contact with dog saliva is not completely safe. Germs from the animal’s mouth can get onto the mucous membrane or into microscopic damage to human skin, which can lead to the development of an infection.

To minimize the risks, you should adhere to the following rules:

• Do not allow unfamiliar and street dogs to lick you, especially on the street. Protect your face and damaged areas of the skin from contact with the dog’s tongue.
• Regularly monitor the health of your pet – get vaccinations on time, do not miss scheduled visits to the veterinarian, and also pay attention to the dog’s oral hygiene, regularly brushing its teeth.

These measures will help reduce the risk of infection and maintain the health of both the person and his pet.

What you need to know about hygiene: 7 unexpected tips

Since childhood, we are taught basic hygiene skills: leave outdoor shoes at the entrance, wash your hands after using the toilet and before eating. These simple rules help keep your home clean and prevent the spread of infections.

However, there are many other aspects of hygiene that are not so obvious and may raise questions. For example, how to properly care for your ears? How often should you change your socks and underwear? Is it really necessary to make your bed every morning? These and other questions regarding everyday hygiene deserve attention, because the right answers to them can significantly affect our health and well-being. In this article, we have collected recommendations from experts – doctors and scientists who will help you understand these important issues.

TIP #1: Avoid using cotton swabs and ear curettes

The skin lining the ear canal is a natural barrier that protects the ear from dust, dirt and germs. This barrier is very important for maintaining healthy ears. However, like any other part of our body, the skin in the ears is constantly being renewed. Over time, the surface skin cells die and need to be removed from the body to prevent the accumulation of dead particles.

In order for dead cells to be able to leave the ear naturally, the ear canal is equipped with sebaceous and sulfur glands that secrete a special secretion. This secretion, when mixed with dead cells, forms earwax. Although earwax may seem untidy, it plays an important role in protecting the ear by creating a barrier that does not allow dust and germs to penetrate inside.

There is often a desire to remove wax with cotton swabs or other tools to keep the ears clean. However, this can be dangerous and does more harm than good.

What to do

Ears are an organ that has the ability to clean themselves. When we chew food or talk, jaw movements naturally move wax, along with dirt particles, to the outer part of the ear. That is why there is no need to clean the inside of the ear canal regularly. It is enough to gently wipe the auricle with a soft damp cloth or towel from time to time to remove visible traces of wax.

Using cotton swabs, ear curettes or tampons can lead to a significant portion of the wax being pressed deeper into the ear canal, which, in turn, can provoke the formation of a wax plug. In addition, a stick or curette can damage the delicate skin of the ear canal or even the eardrum, which will lead to serious hearing problems.

What to consider

In most cases, according to doctors, ears do not need to be cleaned at all, since they cope with this task on their own. However, there are people who experience increased wax production, a narrow ear canal or a predisposition to infections. In such cases, there is a risk of earwax plugs, which can cause discomfort and hearing loss.

If you suspect that you have earwax plugs, do not rush to use cotton swabs or other improvised means. It is best to put a few drops of baby oil or hydrogen peroxide in your ear. This will help soften the earwax plug, and within 1-2 days it will naturally come out. After this, you can gently rinse your ear with warm water, avoiding sudden movements and strong pressure. It is important to dry the ear by wiping it with a soft towel to prevent water from getting into the ear canal, which can cause irritation.

If discomfort persists after these procedures, it is better to consult an otolaryngologist. A specialist will be able to safely and effectively remove the plug, as well as give recommendations for ear care, taking into account your individual characteristics.

Tip #2: Change your socks once or twice a day

Why is this important?

The skin of your feet actively secretes sweat, which is necessary to regulate body temperature and prevent overheating. Sweat contains various substances, such as lipids, proteins and hormones. Although sweat itself is almost odorless, these components become a breeding ground for bacteria living on the skin. As a result of the bacteria’s activity, volatile compounds are formed, which give sweat an unpleasant odor.

These bacteria begin to actively multiply immediately after favorable conditions are created, such as high humidity and temperature. Therefore, most people who put on clean socks in the morning already have a characteristic unpleasant odor from their feet by the evening. This happens because bacteria have time to process the components of sweat during the day, releasing metabolic products that cause the odor.

What to do

In order to avoid an unpleasant odor and reduce the risk of developing skin diseases, it is recommended to change your socks at least once a day. This simple step will help prevent bacteria from accumulating on the skin and fabric of your socks, as well as reduce the likelihood of developing fungal and bacterial infections that can affect the skin of your feet and nails.

If you are in high-temperature conditions, such as in the heat, are actively involved in sports, or suffer from excessive sweating of the feet, you should change your socks more often – twice a day. Frequent changing of socks helps keep your feet dry, which significantly slows the growth and reproduction of bacteria and fungi that love a moist environment.

How to choose socks?

It does not matter what material your socks are made of – they should be changed 1-2 times a day. However, materials can still affect the comfort and health of your feet. If you are prone to fungal infections or you often experience rubbing of the feet, choose socks made of materials that wick moisture away from the skin, such as polyester or acrylic. These materials promote rapid evaporation of moisture, which helps keep your feet dry.

People with excessive sweating of the feet are better off with socks that not only absorb moisture but also provide good ventilation. Such products help maintain a cool and dry environment for the feet, reducing the risk of excessive sweating. Usually, socks made of natural materials such as cotton or wool are used for this purpose. These fabrics allow the skin to breathe and prevent the feet from overheating, which is especially important in the warm season.

Also, do not forget that socks need to be washed after each use. Even if the socks do not look dirty, bacteria and fungi can remain on their surface, which will begin to multiply when worn again. Regularly washing socks helps prevent the accumulation of microorganisms and keeps your feet healthy.

Tip #3: Wear underwear as long as it retains its shape and comfort

Why is this important

Some sources recommend changing underwear, especially underwear, every 6 to 12 months. This advice is related to the fact that over time, the fabric can accumulate microbes that can cause various infections. This is especially true for underwear that is worn daily and is often exposed to sweat and other body secretions.

Underwear, as a rule, fits tightly to the body and creates a warm, moist environment, which is ideal for the reproduction of bacteria and fungi. Microorganisms found on the skin, mucous membranes of the genitals or getting on the fabric with feces can survive in such an environment and, under certain conditions, cause infectious diseases. For example, some types of bacteria can cause cystitis or other urogenital infections.

What to do

Despite the fact that the risk of microorganisms accumulating in underwear exists, regularly changing and washing underwear significantly reduces this danger. If a person changes underwear daily and washes it after each wear, using modern detergents, most microbes die. Modern washing powders and gels contain active ingredients such as bleach activators and antibacterial additives that effectively destroy most bacteria and fungi even at low water temperatures.

Even if a small number of microorganisms survive washing, they do not pose a serious threat to health. The body’s immune system is strong enough to cope with this amount of microbes and prevent the development of infection. An important aspect is the regularity of changing underwear and thorough washing, which allows you to maintain the necessary level of hygiene and reduces the risk of disease.

Features and service life of underwear

Regular changing and washing of underwear helps to minimize the microbiological hazard, so underwear does not have a strict expiration date. If your underwear remains intact, does not lose its shape and still fits comfortably, you can continue to wear it.

However, it is important to pay attention to the condition of the fabric. If the underwear begins to lose elasticity, stretches or loses its shape, it may no longer provide the necessary support and comfort. In such cases, it is better to replace it with a new one to maintain maximum comfort and hygiene.

It is also worth considering individual preferences and feelings. If you feel that your underwear is no longer as comfortable as it used to be, or you feel discomfort, this may be a signal that it is time to update your wardrobe.

Tip #4: Shower Daily

Why It Matters?

The question of how often to shower is controversial both among experts and in popular literature. Some experts insist that daily washing is necessary to remove dirt, sweat and dead skin cells. However, there is an opinion that frequent washing can be harmful, since it washes away not only dirt, but also sebum – a natural oil that moisturizes the skin, maintains its microbiome and partially protects against ultraviolet radiation.

What to do?

Sebum plays an important role in protecting the skin, but it is also a breeding ground for bacteria that live on the surface of the skin. These bacteria process the components of sebum, and their waste products create a characteristic body odor.

Sebum is especially actively produced in young people during puberty, as well as in those who wear synthetic clothing, do physical work, or spend a lot of time in hot conditions. In such cases, it is recommended to shower every day to control body odor and maintain hygiene at the proper level.

Features and recommendations

To avoid overdrying the skin, especially in the summer, it is recommended to shower daily, using warm, but not hot water. It is better to limit the duration of the shower to 10 minutes, and to cleanse the skin, choose soft shower gels that do not contain dyes and strong fragrances. Such products gently remove excess sebum without disturbing the protective barrier of the skin.

There is no need to wash your hair every day, unless your hair tends to get dirty quickly, such as in people with oily scalps or those who play sports.

In winter, you can shower every other day, as the skin tends to get dry during this period due to cold air and heating. However, the rules remain the same: use warm water and mild detergents to avoid overdrying the skin.

Tip #5: Make your bed an hour after waking up

Why is this important?

Making your bed protects your bedding from dust and dirt. However, there is a hypothesis that damp sheets covered with a bedspread can promote the proliferation of dust mites – microscopic organisms that can cause allergies in some people. If the bed is left unmade, the sheets dry out and the number of mites may decrease.

What to do?

For people with dust allergies, simply drying the bed will not solve the problem, since the allergy can be caused not only by live mites, but also by their dead remains. To minimize the number of dust mites, it is important to maintain indoor humidity below 50%, use dust-proof covers for mattresses and pillows, wash bed linen once a week at a temperature of at least +60 °C, and regularly carry out wet cleaning.

However, making the bed some time after waking up is a good habit. It allows the bed to dry, which makes sleeping on it more comfortable and slows down the proliferation of bacteria that can cause an unpleasant odor.

Features and recommendations

Although there is no scientific consensus on whether it is necessary to make the bed every day, this habit has more pros than cons. A made bed not only keeps the room tidy, but also helps to set the tone for a productive day.

If you let your linen dry before making your bed after waking up, the benefits of this action become obvious. To do this, just do other morning chores – wash your face, have breakfast or exercise. In about an hour, the bed linen will be dry and can be neatly tucked.

Tip # 6: Use chlorine-containing cleaning products

Why it is important?

Some people avoid using chlorine-containing cleaning products at home, fearing the release of toxic chlorine, which can be harmful to health. However, the correct use of these products helps to effectively combat dirt and germs.

What to do?

The main component of most such products is sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), which, when dissolved in water, forms chlorine compounds that act as powerful oxidizers. These compounds not only bleach, but also destroy the membranes of viruses and the cell walls of bacteria, making chlorine-containing products effective in the fight against germs.

Chlorine gas is released only in a very acidic environment (pH less than 4). To avoid this, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added to cleaning products, which increases the pH of the solution to a safe level. Therefore, when using chlorine-containing products, it is important not to mix them with acidic products such as vinegar or citric acid to avoid the release of harmful gases.

Features and recommendations

When used according to the instructions and with a frequency of use no more than four times a week, chlorine-containing products do not pose a health risk. These products may cause mild irritation if they come into contact with the skin or eyes, but there will be no serious consequences if the affected areas are quickly washed with water.

However, people with dermatitis or asthma should avoid using such products. In people with dermatitis, chlorine-containing products can aggravate the irritation, and in asthmatics, even small amounts of volatile hypochlorous acid, which can be released during cleaning, can trigger an attack.

Tip #7: Don’t be afraid to use public washing machines and laundries

Why it’s important?

Biofilms can form inside washing machines, which are home to conditionally opportunistic bacteria, such as pseudomonas, citrobacter, and serratia. These microorganisms can cause infections in people with weakened immune systems, especially pregnant women, hospitalized patients, and the elderly.

What to do?

To date, cases of infections caused by opportunistic bacteria from washing machines have been reported only in hospitals and large healthcare facilities. There are no reports of customers of laundries or public washing machines in hotels or hostels becoming ill due to these bacteria.

However, people with weakened immune systems, including pregnant women and those taking immunosuppressants, should avoid doing their laundry in public places. When traveling, it is safer to take your clothes to large, reputable laundries or dry cleaners.

Features and recommendations

If you do not have access to a laundromat or dry cleaner, you can minimize the risk by washing in a public washing machine. Adding a product with bleach activator TAED and active oxygen agents to water allows for effective destruction of bacteria. These products work even at a temperature of +40 °C, which makes them suitable for washing colored items and linen made from natural fabrics.

It is recommended to replace pillows approximately every two to three years, as during this time they lose their softness, orthopedic properties and accumulate a lot of excess particles, including skin particles and dust mite feces.

It is also important to regularly dry pillows, but the frequency and method depend on their filling. Proper care of your pillows helps them retain their properties for a longer time and provides a more comfortable sleep.

Why dry pillows?

Bacteria. Ameristep, a US-based pillow and mattress company, conducted a study in which bacterial samples were taken from pillowcases and sheets of varying degrees of freshness. A study found that a pillowcase that was washed a week ago contained up to 3 million colony-forming units (CFUs) in an area comparable to a passport photo. That’s about 17,442 times more bacteria than a toilet seat, which typically contains about 172 CFU. Some of these bacteria can worsen skin infections such as acne. Therefore, it is important to dry your pillows regularly to reduce the number of microorganisms.

Fungi. The average pillow contains from 4 to 16 species of fungi and more than a million of their spores. On pillows with loose filling this may not be noticeable, but on pillows made of polyurethane foam, if they are not dried, mold may develop over time.

Unpleasant smell. Your pillow can start to smell bad due to sweat, saliva, and skin particles overnight. Over time, this base will become food for fungi, bacteria and dust mites, and the smell will intensify and may interfere with falling asleep quickly. Regularly drying your pillows helps slow down the development of unpleasant odors.

Allergy. If a person has a dust allergy caused by dust mites, it is important to take the following measures:

• maintain the indoor humidity level below 50%;
• use special dust-proof covers with a zipper on the pillows;
• wash bed linen once a week, and pillowcases – every two to three days at a temperature not lower than +60 °C;
• regularly carry out wet cleaning of the premises.

In addition, it is recommended that you dry your pillows daily – this is one important step that helps reduce allergy symptoms, although it does not completely eliminate it. In dried pillows, the number of dust mites is significantly reduced.
Changing shape. The pillow can become damp overnight, even if the room humidity is low, due to sweat and sometimes saliva. Excess moisture can cause the loose filling to stick together, ultimately causing the pillow to lose its shape, flattening, and forming clumps. Regularly fluffing your pillow and then drying it after sleep will help maintain its volume and softness.

How to dry pillows?

Leaving it on the bed is a common method for daily pillow care. Simply place the pillow on top of a made bed or without a blanket for half an hour until the bed is done, then flip it over to the other side for another half hour.

If the humidity in the room exceeds 60% and there is no way to ventilate the room, the pillow can be left unfilled throughout the day. But removing the pillowcase in this case is not necessary. This method is suitable for all types of pillows.

In the fresh air. To air the pillow, take it out onto the balcony or windowsill without a pillowcase. Ideally in the sun for 30 minutes on each side.

However, this method is not suitable for pillows filled with latex, gel, polyurethane or soy foam: under the influence of ultraviolet rays and prolonged heating, they may lose their orthopedic properties.

To air dry, you can use special plastic or mesh hangers so that the pillows do not have to be turned over. Their cost is about 200 rubles.

In the dryer. Machine drying may be necessary after washing your pillow to quickly dry it and prevent bacteria and mold from growing in a damp environment. The appropriate mode is usually indicated on the label or accompanying documents. It is generally recommended to use the lowest heat setting of approximately 40°C, so several drying cycles may be required. This method works for most loose-fill pillows, including some feather and down pillows.

How often should pillows be dried?

Often it is enough to easily beat any pillows after sleep and leave them on an unmade bed for half an hour or an hour, or for the whole day if the room is humid and there is no way to ventilate the room. When changing the pillowcase, it is recommended to let it dry out in the fresh air, if the weather permits.

Once every six months it is worth washing or cleaning any pillow, after which a deeper drying is necessary. If you do not have access to a dryer or the weather does not allow you to quickly dry the item in air, it is recommended to contact a dry cleaner. Prolonged drying of the pillow can lead to the growth of bacteria and fungi, which makes washing useless.

Regular drying of pillows, even just leaving them on an unmade bed, is important. Some pillows can also be placed in the sun once every week or two. You can also use a dryer, heating pad, or electric blanket for drying.

Proper care of your pillows will help reduce the number of bacteria, fungi and dust mites in and on the surface of the pillows, and will also extend their lifespan by maintaining their shape.

Myth: Mosquitoes carry viruses

Although mosquitoes can transmit malaria, they do not transmit other diseases from person to person, including viral infections.

Mosquitoes do not transmit infections between people, including HIV. There have been no documented cases of mosquito-borne transmission of hepatitis C and B viruses or COVID-19.

Mosquitoes that transmit malaria are usually small in size. Malaria is one of the most terrible diseases transmitted by these insects. More than a million people die from this disease worldwide every year, with more than 90% of cases occurring in Africa.

In addition, mosquitoes can carry diseases such as the Zika virus and West Nile virus.

To combat mosquito bites at home for both adults and children, you can use traditional methods. Effective means are:

• fresh natural aloe juice;
• fresh parsley leaves;
• salt solution;
• a solution of vinegar or citric acid diluted with water.

Myth: Mosquitoes don’t bite everyone

This myth has its basis in reality. In fact, mosquitoes have their own preferences in choosing their victims. For example, people with the first blood group are attracted to them the most, and insects prefer to land on their skin more often than on the skin of other people.

Mosquitoes also select their victims due to their high metabolic rate, elevated body temperature, active blood circulation on the surface of the skin and the smell of sweat. These factors influence who mosquitoes choose as their next victim.

Mosquitoes are sensitive to scents and choose their victims based on them. They prefer not the presence of scents of elderberry, valerian, calendula and lemon balm.

Smoke from a fire, as well as citrus scents and aromatic spices such as vanilla, lavender oil, eucalyptus, cedarwood, tea tree and valerian, also repel them.

Mosquitoes also respond to ultrasound. Ultrasonic devices are considered one of the most effective means of mosquito control and have a significant range.

After activating these devices, mosquitoes leave the area of their action, and ultrasound is safe for people, unlike chemical repellers.

Myth: Malaria is not dangerous

World Malaria Day is celebrated annually on April 25th. The day is dedicated to spreading awareness of international efforts to combat malaria and highlighting the importance of working together to overcome the disease.

According to a study funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Charitable Foundation, published in the British medical journal Lancet, the number of deaths from malaria in the world is twice the official statistics provided by the World Health Organization.

Malaria is particularly deadly in infants, especially in the African region. However, the researchers note that both older children and adults are dying from the disease at higher rates than estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Since 2004, the number of deaths from malaria has dropped by a third. This demonstrates the effective work of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Thus, although malaria remains a serious threat, medical advances are increasingly making progress against the disease.

Myth: All fumigators are equally safe

Fumigators are devices designed to kill insects with vapors that are poisonous to them. However, the question arises: do these vapors harm humans and other animals?

The principle of operation of the fumigator is to heat the active substance, which evaporates and spreads in the air, causing paralysis of the nervous system of insects.

A specially selected composition is created to effectively kill insects, while minimizing the negative impact on humans and other animals.

There are natural and synthetic mosquito repellents. While natural ones are considered safer for humans, the oils contained in them can cause irritation of the mucous membrane, respiratory tract and allergic reactions.

If safety rules are followed, fumigators do not pose a threat to humans.
Below are some safety precautions:

• Keep the fumigator out of the reach of children.
• Do not cover or cover the fumigator; Do not plug it into an outlet located behind furniture or near a curtain to avoid a possible fire hazard.
• Use the fumigator for no more than 8 hours in a row and do not bring it closer than 1 meter to people.
• If you use the fumigator at night, it is recommended to ventilate the room to avoid the accumulation of vapors, which can cause coughing.

Myth: Mosquito sprays are toxic

When it comes to summer walks in nature, it is convenient to have mosquito spray on hand so that the insects do not interfere with the enjoyment of your walk. But how safe are these sprays?

When used correctly, certified repellers are not dangerous. However, it is important to avoid getting them on mucous membranes and use only on exposed skin. Avoid using outdoor sprays indoors.

Of course, you should not inhale the vapors of the spray, and when applying it, it is recommended to close your eyes and nose, especially when using the product on children.

The danger is not the product itself, but its by-products. For example, a mosquito coil should not be lit in enclosed spaces, as it emits harmful combustion products that can accumulate in the body and cause headaches and other unpleasant symptoms.

Myth: Women’s pelvic floor muscles do not need training or exercise

The pelvic floor muscles in women play an important and invaluable role in ensuring the health and normal functioning of the bladder, rectum and uterus. They serve as a kind of “support frame”, supporting the organs in the correct position and preventing their prolapse. However, various factors such as pregnancy, childbirth, aging and obesity can cause these muscles to weaken or lose tone.

This results in a condition known as organ prolapse, where the organs begin to descend from their normal position. Organ prolapse can cause significant discomfort and negatively impact a woman’s quality of life. Therefore, maintaining pelvic floor muscle tone and strengthening are important aspects of caring for your health and well-being.

Kegel exercises are an effective and important method for strengthening your pelvic floor muscles and keeping them healthy. These exercises, based on muscle contraction and relaxation, help improve bladder control, prevent or reduce urinary incontinence, and improve circulation in the pelvic area.

Regular Kegel exercises help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, which is especially important after pregnancy, childbirth, as well as during aging or obesity. It is important to perform these exercises correctly to achieve maximum benefits and avoid possible complications.

Specialized training programs provide women with the opportunity to restore or improve pelvic floor muscle function after childbirth, especially in cases of urinary incontinence problems. However, if the problems with the pelvic floor muscles are too advanced, the exercises may not be effective and surgery becomes the only way to solve the problem of organ prolapse.

Myth: Using tampons is harmful

There is a wide variety of products available on the market to promote a comfortable life during menstruation: disposable and reusable pads, tampons, menstrual cups and special panties. Each of these products has its own features and benefits, allowing women to choose the most suitable option based on their individual needs and preferences. With this variety of products, women can choose the best solution for themselves, ensuring maximum comfort and confidence during their periods.

The biggest concern among users about tampons is the risk of developing a dangerous condition known as toxic shock syndrome (TSS). This complication is most often associated with infectious diseases caused by staphylococcal bacteria and develops under the influence of their toxins. TSS is manifested by severe intoxication and damage to internal organs, which in rare cases can lead to death.

Between 1970 and 1980, toxic shock syndrome was primarily associated with tampon use.

Currently, cases of toxic shock caused by tampons still occur, but account for approximately half of all recorded cases of the disease. Moreover, in modern conditions they are more often associated with other risk factors, such as wounds, operations and difficult childbirth.

There is evidence that the risk of developing toxic shock syndrome increases when a tampon is worn in the body for a long time, especially for more than 6-8 hours, such as when used at night.

Myth: Cervical erosion leads to cancer

The lining of the cervix is usually strong enough to withstand normal impacts. Erosion, in essence, is a wound on the cervix that forms when the epithelium is damaged. In the case of erosion, it is always a temporary and harmless condition. The cervical epithelium usually heals on its own within three weeks. However, in rare cases, medical intervention may be required to speed up the healing process or prevent complications.

What aspects should you pay attention to if there are no signs of illness? It is important to make sure that the tissues do not contain abnormal cells; for this, a cytological examination is performed. You should also check for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV).

HPV can cause cancer, so regular cytological examinations are necessary for every woman at any age. These measures help identify potential problems at an early stage and take appropriate measures to prevent or treat them.

Cervical cancer does not occur suddenly. Modern treatment methods make it possible to completely get rid of the tumor in the early stages and preserve the possibility of conceiving, bearing and giving birth to a healthy child.

One of the best methods for preventing cervical cancer is vaccination against the human papillomavirus (HPV). It is advisable to get vaccinated before sexual activity, as this is an effective way to prevent possible infection and development of cervical cancer.

Myth: Swimming in ponds is absolutely safe

Despite the desire of many to believe in this statement, in fact it is far from the truth.

TOP 3 diseases that can be transmitted by swimming in rivers or ponds:

• Stomach flu. This is a disease characterized by inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, also known as gastroenteritis. It is transmitted through food or water.
• Amoebiasis. This is an infection caused by amoebas that can lead to intestinal inflammation.
• Shigellosis. This disease is caused by the bacterium Shigella, which can cause symptoms of a gastrointestinal infection.

Precautions when swimming in a pond:

• Avoid putting your head under water, especially in unknown places.
• Do not swallow pond water to prevent harmful microorganisms from entering your body.
• After swimming, be sure to take a shower to get rid of any bacteria or parasites that may remain on the skin.
• Avoid bodies of water with stagnant water, such as crowded ponds where there are many people swimming. The more people there are, the higher the risk of infection.
• It is preferable to choose rivers and lakes with running water for swimming. Even if viral particles get into them, the current will likely quickly carry them away.

Myth: Sea water cures all diseases

Many have heard about the beneficial effects of sea air and water on the body. How useful are they really?

The warmer the water, the healthier it is – a myth. Swimming in warm sea water is pleasant, but a temperature of about 22-25 degrees is more suitable for health. In warmer water, viruses and bacteria can actively multiply.

Immersion in the sea and contact with sea water have its benefits not only during the season: simply walking along the shore and soaking your feet in the water is not the most effective way. In order to truly experience the healing properties of the sea, it is recommended to spend at least 10-15 minutes in its waters. Although breathing sea air is also beneficial, swimming will give more noticeable results and bring more benefits to the body.

Swimming pools with water enriched with minerals from sea salt are often touted as having health benefits. However, it is a misconception to believe that you can collect seawater in a bottle and use it for medicinal purposes.

Sea water removed from its natural environment loses its healing properties in just 24 hours. Swimming in a sea pool can only be beneficial if it is formed naturally, without the addition of chlorine, and the water in it is constantly renewed.

When it comes to sea bath salts, sea water bottles and other similar products, to date no laboratory has been able to accurately reproduce all the unique properties of real sea water.

Myth: Sea water cures nasopharyngeal diseases

The water quality on beaches with high traffic usually leaves much to be desired. In such water you are more at risk of infection than receiving medicinal properties. However, clean water suitable for rinsing is located at a depth of more than two meters, making it inaccessible for ordinary bathing.

Seawater contains a wide range of chemical elements, including sodium, calcium, chlorine, sulfur, bromine, zinc, copper, iron, selenium and other trace elements. All of them enter the body through the skin and contribute to numerous beneficial effects such as relaxation, rejuvenation, inflammation, strengthening the immune system and cleansing.

The myth that sea water does not require rinsing is far from the truth. Ocean water has a beneficial effect on the skin, nails and the whole body. However, as the water evaporates, salt crystals may remain on the skin. These residues are no longer beneficial and can increase the risk of sunburn. In addition, if the skin has abrasions or calluses, salt can cause dermatoses.

Myth: A No Swimming sign means nothing

Many believe that such signs are installed by local residents to protect the beaches from the influx of outside swimmers. However, this is true, and this sign should not be ignored. One of the main causes of tragic accidents in the water is swimming in unmarked and untested places. These signs are installed where safety cannot be ensured and where there are no rescuers.

As much as swimming may seem like a safe pastime, following safety rules is extremely important. Unfortunately, even simple instructions are often ignored. It is especially important to supervise children so that they do not swim unsupervised. After all, they can easily get carried away and, when overcooled, encounter problems such as convulsions.

Here’s what not to do to stay safe when swimming:

• It is not recommended to enter the water in unsurveyed reservoirs where there are warning signs about the prohibition of swimming.
• Avoid swimming while under the influence of alcohol.
• Do not jump into the water from structures that are not designed for this purpose.
• Keep water bodies clean and do not pollute them with garbage.
• Avoid swimming on floating objects such as boards, logs, sunbeds, car cameras or air mattresses.
• Do not take pets with you.

Myth: You can swim at any time of the day.

You may have noticed that in the evening the hotel pool remains empty and closed for swimming. But why is this so, because sometimes you really want to plunge into the water after sunset?

The reason for closing the pool in the evening is due to regular chlorination of the water. After sunset, various disinfectants and special chemical compounds are added to the pool every day. This is necessary to keep the water clean and safe, as bacteria and other microorganisms can accumulate in the pool as the day progresses.

In the morning, the pool becomes available for swimming, when disinfectants have already had time to work and provide safe conditions for swimming. However, swimming at night can be dangerous due to the lack of lifeguards and the possibility of burns or allergic reactions.

You should also refrain from swimming in the sea in the evening and at night. At this time, many predatory fish become active and go hunting, which can pose a danger to swimming tourists. During the day, rescuers can control the situation and drive away fish, as well as provide assistance if necessary, while at night severe fright is possible.

In the evening, sea urchins prefer to be in shallow water, and their spines can become an unpleasant surprise for swimmers. In addition, at this time you can stumble upon corals, which also poses a risk of getting cuts.

Myth: Drinking plenty of water keeps your skin hydrated

Maintaining optimal fluid balance in the body is key to overall health. However, it is important to remember that drinking excess water is not always beneficial. While drinking plenty of water throughout the day is important for healthy skin and overall well-being, going over the recommended intake will not lead to better skin.

Individual fluid requirements may vary depending on factors such as weight, climate, physical activity and lifestyle. However, there is not enough scientific evidence to support a direct link between fluid intake and skin conditions, except in extreme cases such as severe dehydration or heatstroke.

Proper water consumption plays an important role in maintaining health, including skin condition. However, while hydration is important, it is not a panacea for all skin problems. Drinking enough water helps keep your body hydrated and promotes overall skin health, but it doesn’t guarantee dramatic improvement.

Proper nutrition, regular skin care, and protection from harmful external factors are also important to achieve optimal skin health.

Myth: Dirt on the skin causes acne

No, ordinary dirt is not the only or main cause of acne. But while ordinary dirt may not directly cause acne, certain substances, such as oily foods, hair gels, greasy makeup or industrial oils, can clog skin pores, contributing to the appearance of acne.

Acne is usually associated with more complex factors, such as hormonal imbalances and a tendency for pores to become clogged with skin secretions such as keratin, which is secreted by skin cells.

The skin microbiome of people with acne may be different from that of people with healthy skin, but this is not associated with dirt. In recent years, there has been an increase in cases of acne associated with the use of smartphones. Acne appears on the side of the face to which a person is accustomed to pressing a mobile device.

This is due to a combination of factors: short-wave light from a smartphone, sweat, dirt, heat, friction and bacteria on the surface. An effective prevention is to regularly clean the screen of your smartphone.

Myth: Any exposure to the sun is bad for your skin

Every exposure to the sun undoubtedly leaves traces of photodamage on the skin, but it is important to realize that sunlight is essential for the health of our body, especially in the context of vitamin D synthesis.

This need is especially relevant for those who live in areas remote from the equator, as well as for people with dark skin types who require more time to form vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.

The anti-inflammatory properties of solar radiation are currently being actively researched, which may be useful in the treatment of certain skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema and itchy skin.

It is important to balance the potential benefits with the risk of skin cancer, which is directly related to exposure to ultraviolet rays. It is recommended to use sunscreen and wear protective clothing, and avoid prolonged exposure to the sun between 11am and 3pm.

At least five million new cases of skin cancer are diagnosed each year in the United States. Most are associated with excess exposure to sunlight, highlighting the importance of protecting the skin from UV rays and taking preventative measures.

Myth: Vitamin E helps get rid of scars

It has long been believed that vitamin E may have beneficial effects on scars, but this claim has been extensively researched for many years. Unfortunately, experts say the arguments supporting this are not convincing. Current evidence does not show a significant beneficial effect of vitamin E on scars.

In some cases, the use of vitamin E for medicinal purposes can be harmful if the individual characteristics of the body are not taken into account. In this regard, it is recommended to look at products based on silicone gel as an alternative.

Multiple studies have shown that such products have a noticeable positive effect on the healing processes of scars and the appearance of existing scars.

Myth: Wounds heal better in air

This myth, which believes that wounds heal faster in the fresh air, has become firmly entrenched in everyday consciousness, but this is far from the truth. In fact, research shows that wounds heal more effectively in a moist environment.

The results of many studies clearly demonstrate that during the early phases of wound healing, cells migrate more efficiently in a moist environment. If there are no signs of infection or inflammation, it is recommended to apply a doctor-recommended product to the wound and cover it with a sterile dressing.

However, in the later stages of the healing process, when the wound is almost healed, the passage of fresh air can be a beneficial factor.

Myth: Daily exfoliation is essential for healthy skin

Exfoliation is a natural process in which dead skin cells are removed from the surface of the skin. This process helps maintain healthy skin, leaving it softer and smoother. However, it is not always necessary to use artificial exfoliation products, since the skin itself is able to regulate this process.

Excessive use of exfoliants can destroy the skin’s natural protective barrier and cause irritation. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balance and not overuse exfoliation products, giving the skin the opportunity to independently maintain its health.

Myth: The more expensive the creams, the longer the skin will remain young

The skin care cosmetics industry is a gigantic business. For example, in the United States alone, sales of “prestige skin care” exceeded $1.1 billion between April and June 2020.

However, no cream, despite its popularity and price, is capable of indefinitely protecting the skin from the natural aging process.

Myth: Dust mites are harmless

Dust mites are extremely small insects, measuring less than 0.3 millimeters in size. They cannot be seen with the naked eye because they are so microscopically small that they are hidden from normal view.

However, despite their miniature size, these microscopic creatures can pose a serious threat to your home and health. After all, if there is dust in your home, it is likely that mites are also here, since dust is their main source of nutrition and habitat.

Every day, an adult exfoliates up to 1.5 grams of skin, which is enough to feed millions of dust mites. These microscopic creatures are extremely small, invisible to the naked eye, do not bite, do not penetrate the body and are not parasites, which can create the illusion that a person is getting used to their proximity. However, there is always one “but”.

The waste products of dust mites and fragments of their bodies are a strong allergen. When you inhale dusty air, these microscopic particles settle on the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. In some people, the immune system reacts too violently to such dust – an allergic reaction occurs.

Dust mite allergies are most often experienced by children and young adults due to their more sensitive immune systems at their age. It is not always possible to completely get rid of these mites, since they can be found almost everywhere, especially in upholstered furniture, carpets, and bedding.

However, there are a number of measures that can be taken to reduce their number and minimize allergens in the air. Regular house cleaning, ventilating rooms, using air filters and periodically cleaning carpets, furniture and bedding can help with this.

It is also useful to use hypoallergenic materials for bedding and furniture, and also to avoid excessive humidity in the premises, since dust mites prefer humid conditions for reproduction.

Myth: Bed bugs carry diseases

Bed bugs are insects that can cause fear and anxiety as they can infest indoor spaces, enter bedrooms and feed on our blood while we sleep.

However, if you analyze the most common myths about bed bugs, you can see that they are hardly as dangerous as they are attributed to.

If your apartment is infested with bedbugs, you will feel itching, have problems sleeping, and may also develop allergies. But compared to other blood-sucking parasites, bed bugs spread virtually no diseases to people.

Bed bugs are associated with dirty places, but in fact, what they are looking for is heat and carbon dioxide, and this is what every person emits, regardless of the conditions in which they live.

Myth: Bed bugs can fly

Good news: they can’t fly. They do not have wings with which they could attack their victims or move from house to house.

Myth: Cereals with bugs should not be eaten

If beetles get into the cereal, it should first be sorted and sifted, and then processed in the oven at a temperature of at least 120 degrees. After this, the cereal can be used, although it is recommended to do this as soon as possible.

Getting beetles into cereal by mistake does not pose a health hazard. However, if beetles are present in large numbers in the cereal, you will have to get rid of the product.

Store cereals and flour in a dry, cool, and ventilated place, such as glass jars with airtight lids. In winter, it is better to store them on the balcony.

If you find bugs in one of the cereals, check all supplies and thoroughly disinfect and ventilate the kitchen cabinet. To clean the cabinet from bugs, you can use a saline solution with the addition of soda.

It is important to observe the shelf life of cereals: rice and buckwheat can be stored for up to six months, millet – no more than three months, and flour is not recommended to be stored for more than a year.

An effective remedy for bugs is grated nutmeg. Place it on the shelves of the kitchen cabinet where cereals are stored, and it will help get rid of unwanted guests.

Myth: You need to replace your underwear every year

There is a common misconception that underwear should be replaced every 6-12 months. This opinion is based on the assumption that harmful microorganisms accumulate in laundry, which can lead to infections. However, there is no scientific evidence to support the need to change underwear frequently.

Proper and regular disinfection avoids the accumulation of germs. If underwear has retained its structure and quality after a year of use, there is no need to change it. It is important to note that regular washing and good hygiene play a more significant role in preventing infections than simply changing your underwear.

However, scientific research does not confirm the need for such frequent changes of linen. By properly washing panties, you can avoid the accumulation of germs, and if the underwear has not lost its performance characteristics over the year, it can continue to be used without fear. Despite the risk of bacterial growth in laundry due to the warm and moist environment clothes create on the skin, regular hand washing has a greater impact on preventing infections than frequent washing of clothes.

Myth: To kill germs you need to wash at a temperature of at least 60 degrees

Many people believe that in order to effectively get rid of germs in laundry, it is necessary to wash it at a temperature of at least 60 degrees.
This statement is based on the assumption that only at elevated temperatures can complete disinfection and disinfection of tissues be achieved. However, modern scientific research shows that the situation is not so simple.

For example, although white cotton and linen underwear are often recommended to be washed at temperatures of 60 degrees or higher, for some types of fabrics and types of soil this may be unnecessary or even harmful, since high temperatures can damage the fabrics and cause them to become deformed.

Instead, a more effective method is to use detergents with bleach activators and active oxygen agents, which successfully fight germs even at low temperatures.

For silk linen, it is recommended to use cold water to avoid damaging the delicate silk fibers. Thus, the optimal choice of washing temperature depends on the type of fabric and the effectiveness of detergents in fighting germs at different temperatures.

Myth: Pediculosis is a consequence of poor hygiene

There is a common misconception that lice are caused by poor hygiene. However, in practice, lice can appear even in those who wash their hair regularly and practice good hygiene. These insects have amazing survivability and can survive even in water at low temperatures, which means clean hair and skin are not a reliable defense against them. Removing lice and their eggs, or nits, from your scalp can be a challenging task that requires care and time.

Lice are not able to move long distances: they do not fly, do not jump, and move only short distances, crawling only a few centimeters. They are transmitted from person to person, usually during close contact of heads or through shared personal hygiene items. Therefore, it is important to maintain personal hygiene and avoid close contact with infected individuals to prevent the spread of head lice. Sharing personal care items should also be avoided to minimize the risk of lice transmission.

Transfer of lice from pets to humans is impossible. Among the many species of lice that exist on the planet, only three can parasitize humans, and they are not related to lice that live on animals. Thus, transmission of head lice occurs exclusively from person to person.

Pediculosis can occur even without itching, especially if the number of lice is small or the person does not have an allergic reaction to their saliva.
Lice can only carry typhus pathogens, but in modern conditions this disease is extremely rare in Russia.

Myth: Kerosene and vinegar can help fight head lice

There is a myth that kerosene and vinegar can help fight head lice. However, the effectiveness of such drugs has not been scientifically proven, since clinical studies have not been conducted. Even though these products can actually help get rid of lice, they may come with side effects and risks.
Vinegar is often used as a home remedy for head lice. However, a study conducted in 2004 showed that its effectiveness was low.

Vinegar was less effective than vaseline, which killed 6% of lice eggs. Other home remedies, such as mayonnaise and vegetable oil, also have very little healing effect.

Although lice most often occurs in schoolchildren, about 60% of children suffering from this disease contract it at home from relatives. Despite this, schools are not always the main source of lice infestations because there is not always the opportunity for close contact between students.

Lice cannot survive without food for more than two days. If the lice falls on the floor, the likelihood of re-infestation of the hair is already low. It is recommended to simply wash the floor and wash bedding and underwear at temperatures above 60 degrees Celsius.